A Comprehensive Guide
Mastering Splinting Techniques
In this article, you’ll learn why splinting is vital in first aid, the different types of splints, how to safely apply them for various injuries, and important tips to maximise patient comfort and prevent further harm.
Table of Contents
As an advanced first aid responder, having a thorough understanding of splinting techniques is crucial. Splints are essential tools in managing fractures, sprains, and other musculoskeletal injuries. This guide will delve into various splinting techniques, types of splints, and their appropriate applications for specific injuries. By mastering these skills, you’ll be better equipped to provide effective care and prevent further injury in emergency situations.
Why Splinting Matters
Before we delve into specific techniques, let’s briefly review why splinting is an important tool in first aid:
- Pain reduction: Immobilizing an injured area can help reduce pain.
- Prevention of further injury: Splints protect against additional damage to soft tissues, blood vessels, and nerves.
- Facilitation of transport: Proper splinting makes it easier and safer to move the patient.
However, remember that keeping the casualty comfortable is of utmost importance. Only apply a splint if it is absolutely essential. If professional help isn’t too far away, focus on making the casualty as comfortable as possible. Splinting should be used wisely, considering the specific circumstances of each situation.
Types of Splints
There are several types of splints available, each with its own advantages and ideal use. Let’s explore the most common ones:
1. Rigid Splints
Rigid splints are inflexible and provide maximum support. They’re typically made of materials like wood, plastic, or metal.
Pros:
Excellent immobilisation
Durable and reusable
Ideal for long bone fractures
Cons
Can be uncomfortable if not padded properly
May require cutting or sizing for a proper fit
2. Soft / Malleable Splints
Soft splints are made from flexible materials like foam, cloth, roll-up (SAM splint) or inflatable plastic.
Pros:
Comfortable and adaptable to different body parts
Easy to apply and remove
Lightweight and portable
Cons:
Provide less rigid support compared to hard splints
May not be suitable for all types of fractures
3. Improvised Splints
In emergency situations, improvised splints can be made from everyday items like magazines, sticks, or clothing.
These makeshift options are highly versatile and can be adapted to different injuries using whatever materials are on hand, making them a valuable skill to know.
However, improvised splints often don’t offer the same level of support as purpose-made ones, and creating them effectively requires a bit of creativity and quick problem-solving.
Splinting Basics
Regardless of the type of splint you’re using, there are some universal principles to follow:
1. Assess the injury
Before applying a splint, carefully evaluate the injury and check for pulses, sensation, and movement.
2. Prepare the splint
Before applying a splint, carefully evaluate the injury and check for pulses, sensation, and movement.
3. Position the limb
Support the limb in its current position, focusing on providing comfort and stability. Do not attempt to straighten or manipulate the injured area.
4. Apply padding
Use soft materials to pad bony prominences and fill any gaps between the splint and the limb.
5.Secure the splint
Use bandages or straps to attach the splint firmly but not too tightly. Avoid placing straps directly over the injury site.
6. Reassess
After applying the splint, recheck pulses, sensation, and movement to ensure proper circulation.
7. Elevate and apply cold therapy
If appropriate, elevate the splinted limb and apply cold packs to reduce swelling.
How to Splint Different Injuries
Now, let’s explore specific splinting techniques for various injuries you might encounter:
Shoulder and Upper Arm
For shoulder dislocations or upper arm fractures:
- Use a sling and swathe technique
- Apply a triangular bandage as a sling to support the weight of the arm
- Use a second bandage as a swathe around the chest to immobilize the upper arm
Elbow and Forearm
For elbow or forearm injuries:
- Use a padded rigid splint extending from the armpit to the hand
- Bend the elbow to about 90 degrees if possible
- Secure the splint with bandages above and below the injury site
Wrist and Hand
For wrist fractures or hand injuries:
- Place the wrist in a slightly extended position (about 20 degrees – if comfortable)
- Add extra padding in the palm to maintain the natural curve of the hand
Hip and Thigh
For hip fractures or upper leg injuries:
- Use a padded board splint extending from the armpit to beyond the foot
- Pad the splint well, especially at bony prominences
- Secure the splint at multiple points along the body and leg
Knee
For knee injuries:
- Use a rigid splint extending from upper thigh to ankle
- Keep the knee in the position found, usually slightly bent
- Pad behind the knee for comfort
Lower Leg and Ankle
For lower leg fractures or severe ankle sprains:
- Use a padded rigid splint on both sides of the leg, extending from mid-thigh to beyond the foot
- Alternatively, use an air splint for lower leg injuries
- Ensure the foot is at a 90-degree angle to the leg if possible
Spinal Injuries
For suspected spinal injuries, immobilisation is crucial:
- In Australia, cervical collars are not recommended for spinal management by first aiders.
- Instead, use manual in-line stabilisation to support the head and neck.
- Instruct the casualty to remain still and avoid any unnecessary movement.
- If needed, use a long backboard for full-body immobilisation, but only if absolutely necessary and if you’re trained to do so.
- Continuously reassess and maintain manual head and neck support until professional help arrives.
Special Considerations
- Pediatric patients: Children’s bones are more flexible and may not show obvious deformities. Be extra gentle and use appropriately sized splints.
- Angulated fractures: Do not attempt to straighten or manipulate angulated fractures. Support the limb in the position found, focusing on comfort and stability.
- Open fractures: Cover open fractures with sterile dressings before splinting. Do not attempt to push protruding bones back under the skin.
- Joints: When possible, immobilize the joint above and below the injury site.
- Circulation checks: Perform regular neurovascular checks, especially if swelling is expected.
- Patient comfort: Always prioritize patient comfort. A comfortable patient is less likely to move and potentially worsen the injury. If professional help is nearby, focusing solely on comfort may be the best approach.
- Documentation: Record your assessments, actions, and the patient’s response to treatment.
Common Pitfalls
- Over-tightening: Splints that are too tight can compromise circulation. Ensure you can slip a finger under the bandages.
- Inadequate immobilisation: Splints that are too short or improperly secured may not effectively stabilise the injury.
- Unnecessary splinting: Avoid splinting if it’s not absolutely necessary, especially if it causes more discomfort or if professional help is close at hand.
- Forgetting to pad: Proper padding prevents pressure points and increases patient comfort.
- Neglecting reassessment: Always recheck circulation, sensation, and movement after splinting and periodically thereafter.
- Attempting to realign bones: Never try to straighten or manipulate fractured bones. Support the limb in the position found.
Splinting Success: Your Path Forward
Mastering splinting techniques is an invaluable skill for any advanced first aid responder. By understanding the types of splints available, knowing when and how to apply them, and being aware of special considerations and potential pitfalls, you’ll be well-equipped to provide effective care in emergency situations.
Remember, practice is key to maintaining and improving your splinting skills. Regular training and scenario-based exercises will help you stay sharp and ready to act when every second counts. Your expertise in splinting can make a significant difference in patient outcomes, potentially preventing further injury and easing the path to recovery.
Advancing Your First Aid Skills with My First Aid Course Brisbane
While this guide provides a comprehensive overview of splinting techniques, nothing can replace hands-on training and expert instruction. If you’re looking to enhance your first aid skills or pursue advanced certifications, My First Aid Course Brisbane offers exceptional training programs tailored to various skill levels and requirements.
Whether you’re a healthcare professional, work in a high-risk industry, or simply want to be prepared for any emergency, My First Aid Course Brisbane can help you reach the next level in your first aid journey. Our comprehensive courses cover not just splinting, but a wide range of advanced first aid techniques that can make a crucial difference in emergency situations.
By investing in proper training, you’re not just enhancing your own skills – you’re becoming a valuable asset to your community, workplace, and loved ones. Remember, in critical moments, your knowledge and quick action can be the difference between life and death.
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